A Timeless Connection Between Plants & People
TERRARIUM GARDENS
THE HISTORY OF TERRARIUMS
For centuries, humans have sought ways to bring nature indoors. Ancient civilizations like the Chinese and Egyptians kept plants in covered containers for aesthetic and spiritual purposes. European botanists in the 17th and 18th centuries experimented with glass enclosures, using bell jars and early glasshouses to protect delicate species. Even in the wild, nature itself creates tiny self-sustaining ecosystems—plants growing in hollowed logs, rock crevices, and hidden caves, thriving in their own microclimates.
In 1829, Dr. Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward accidentally discovered that plants could flourish in sealed glass containers, leading to the invention of the Wardian Case. This innovation revolutionized plant transport, making it possible for species to travel across continents. By the Victorian era, terrariums became a beloved symbol of curiosity and a deepening desire to stay connected with the natural world.
Today, as our homes and daily lives become increasingly separated from nature, terrariums serve a greater purpose than mere decoration. They offer a tangible connection to greenery, promoting mindfulness, reducing stress, and enhancing well-being—a concept at the heart of horticultural therapy. Research shows that simply being in the presence of plants can lower anxiety, improve focus, and boost mood. By creating your own terrarium, you're not just crafting a miniature landscape—you’re reclaiming the instinctive human need to be near plants, to nurture life, and to invite nature back into your space.
We can bring that legacy to life by creating our own self-sustaining terrarium. Just like in nature, moisture cycles through evaporation and condensation, keeping plants hydrated with minimal care. A well-balanced terrarium mimics the outdoor environment, providing the right mix of air, water, and nutrients for plants to thrive.
In a world where we’re increasingly disconnected from nature, terrariums offer a way to bring the outdoors in, creating a space for reflection, relaxation, and connection with the natural world.
CLOSED TERRARIUM ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS
STEP 1: DRAINAGE LAYER- MANAGING WATER FLOW
In nature, rainwater seeps through layers of rock and soil, filtering out impurities and preventing water from pooling around plant roots. This natural process is essential for plant health, as stagnant water can lead to root rot and fungal growth. In a terrarium, where there are no drainage holes, we replicate this system by adding a drainage layer at the base. This ensures excess water has a place to settle away from the roots, maintaining the delicate balance of moisture needed for a thriving ecosystem.
Material Options:
Different materials can be used to create an effective drainage layer, each with unique benefits:
✔ Gravel & Pebbles – A traditional choice that allows water to collect at the bottom, but if not layered correctly, it can trap stagnant water and reduce airflow.
✔ Sand – Offers good drainage but tends to compact over time, potentially restricting water flow and air circulation.
✔ LECA (Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate) – A top choice for modern terrariums! These porous, lightweight clay pellets absorb and redistribute moisture evenly, reducing the risk of overwatering while promoting healthy root growth.
💡 Did You Know? LECA was originally developed in the mid-20th century for hydroponic gardening. Its ability to retain moisture while allowing airflow makes it a popular choice for terrariums, houseplants, and sustainable gardening practices.
👉 Follow the instructions below to build your drainage layer!
STEP 2: FILTRATION AND PURIFICATION LAYER– KEEPING YOUR TERRARIUM FRESH
Why It Matters:
In natural ecosystems, layers of soil, rock, and organic matter work together to filter water, keeping it clean and free of harmful bacteria. In a closed terrarium, where water recycles continuously, a filtration layer is crucial to prevent waterlogging, odors, and mold growth. This layer acts as a barrier between the drainage and soil, ensuring excess moisture doesn’t stagnate while also purifying the environment for healthy plant growth.
Material Options:
✔ Fabric Mesh & Fine Sand – A simple barrier that prevents soil from washing into the drainage layer. However, over time, mesh can degrade, and sand may compact, reducing effectiveness.
✔ Crushed Charcoal – A natural filter that absorbs impurities and toxins, helping to keep water fresh. However, it breaks down quickly, losing its filtering properties over time.
✔ Activated Charcoal & Substrate Mesh – The best option for long-term freshness! Activated charcoal removes toxins, neutralizes odors, and prevents bacterial growth, while a fine mesh keeps the layers separate and functioning efficiently.
💡 Did You Know? Activated charcoal has been used for centuries in medicine and water purification due to its powerful ability to trap toxins and bacteria. In terrariums, it plays a similar role—keeping the air and water fresh for your miniature ecosystem.
👉 Now, let’s add your filtration layer!
STEP 3: SUBSTRATE LAYER- THE FOUNDATION OF PLANT GROWTH
Why It Matters:
In nature, the forest floor is a rich and dynamic environment, teeming with organic matter, beneficial microbes, and aerated soil that supports healthy plant growth. The substrate layer in your terrarium plays a similar role—it provides the necessary structure, moisture retention, and airflow that plant roots need to thrive. Without a well-balanced substrate, roots can suffocate, soil can become compacted, and excess moisture can lead to fungal growth or root rot.
A well-structured substrate also fosters a thriving microbial community, essential for breaking down organic matter and maintaining a self-sustaining ecosystem within your terrarium.
Material Options:
✔ Peat Moss – Naturally moisture-retentive yet well-draining, it provides a soft, aerated environment for roots to establish. However, peat moss is a non-renewable resource, so consider sustainable alternatives like coconut coir.
✔ Orchid Bark – A chunky, organic material that improves drainage and prevents soil from compacting over time. It also slowly decomposes, adding nutrients to the substrate.
✔ Perlite – A lightweight volcanic rock that increases airflow within the substrate, preventing soil from becoming too dense while also aiding in drainage.
💡 This combination mimics the natural layering found in outdoor environments, ensuring healthy root growth, proper moisture balance, and an active microbial ecosystem—key to a thriving terrarium!
👉 Now, let’s prepare the perfect growing foundation!
STEP 4: PLANTING - BRINGING THE TERRARIUM TO LIFE
Why It Matters:
Plants are the heart of your terrarium, transforming it into a thriving ecosystem. Choosing the right plants and positioning them properly ensures longevity, balanced humidity, and visual harmony.
Plants & Their Care:
✔ Fittonia (Nerve Plant) – Prefers high humidity and indirect light; keep soil consistently moist.
✔ Pilea – Thrives in bright, indirect light with moderate watering; allow soil to dry slightly between waterings.
✔ Begonia – Loves warmth and humidity; water when the top inch of soil feels dry.
✔ Pistachio Spider Plant – Tolerates low light and inconsistent watering; keep soil slightly moist.
✔ Syngonium (Arrowhead Plant) – Prefers moderate humidity and indirect light; let soil dry partially between waterings.
✔ Hens and Chicks (Sempervivum) – A drought-tolerant succulent that thrives in bright light; avoid overwatering.
✔ Golden Clover (Oxalis) – Enjoys bright light and moist but well-draining soil; leaves close at night.
✔ Palm – Needs bright, indirect light and regular watering; mist occasionally to boost humidity.
✔ False Aralia – Prefers warm temperatures and moderate humidity; water when soil is slightly dry.
✔ Peperomia – Adapts well to various light conditions and needs infrequent watering; avoid soggy soil.
✔ Succulents – Require well-draining soil and bright light; water sparingly, allowing soil to dry between waterings.
💡 Group plants with similar light and moisture needs to create a sustainable, low-maintenance environment.
👉 Follow the instructions below to arrange and plant your terrarium!
STEP 5: DECORATIVE & FUNCTIONAL TOP LAYER
Why It Matters:
In nature, the top layer of the forest floor is a blend of organic debris, fallen leaves, moss, and scattered rocks. This layer plays a crucial role in protecting the soil, regulating moisture, and creating microhabitats for beneficial organisms. In a terrarium, the top layer serves the same purpose—helping to retain humidity, prevent soil erosion, and enhance the overall aesthetics of your miniature ecosystem.
A well-designed top layer also reduces soil compaction, slows down evaporation, and prevents mold growth by keeping the substrate aerated. Plus, it’s your chance to add a personal touch, transforming your terrarium into a unique, self-sustaining work of art!
Material Options:
✔ Wood (Driftwood, Bark, or Twigs) – Adds a natural, earthy feel while retaining moisture and creating shelter for moss and microbes.
✔ Stone (Pebbles, Crushed Rock, or Gemstones) – Provides structure, contrast, and weight to help anchor plants while enhancing the visual appeal.
✔ Ornaments (Miniature Figures, Crystals, or Themed Decor) – Personalizes your terrarium, making it a reflection of your creativity and style.
✔ Sand (Fine or Coarse Texture) – Offers a clean, minimalist look, helping to define sections of the terrarium and improve drainage in open areas.
✔ Moss (Sheet Moss, Mood Moss, or Cushion Moss) – Acts as a living mulch, maintaining humidity, reducing soil erosion, and supporting beneficial microbes essential for a thriving ecosystem.
💡 This final layer not only completes the aesthetic but also contributes to the long-term health and balance of your terrarium, mimicking nature’s protective covering!
👉 Now, let’s add the finishing touch to your terrarium!
CLOSED TERRARIUM CARE INSTRUCTIONS
Light:
Place your terrarium in a bright, indirect light source. Avoid placing it in direct sunlight as it can lead to overheating, which could harm your plants and cause excess condensation. Too much light can also dry out the plants or even "burn" the leaves. Bright, indirect light will help maintain a healthy balance of temperature and humidity inside the terrarium, creating an optimal environment for your plants.
How often to check: Place your terrarium where it will receive bright light but not direct sun. If you notice condensation building up or the plants seem stressed, you may need to adjust the placement. Expect to reassess light placement every 2-4 weeks, depending on the season and changes in natural light.
Watering:
When the soil appears dry, or the plants visibly wilt, it’s time to water. Make sure to water gently, ensuring that excess water doesn’t collect at the bottom of the terrarium.
How often to water: This will depend on your environment. Typically, watering should not be needed after the environment has stabilized, which can vary based on the temperature and humidity in your home. Keep a close eye on the terrarium for the first month, if everything looks good, no need to water.
Temperature & Humidity:
Keep your terrarium in a stable, warm environment with temperatures ranging between 65°F and 75°F (18°C to 24°C). Avoid placing it near heating vents, air conditioning units, or cold drafts, as these can cause temperature fluctuations that stress the plants. Terrariums rely on consistent conditions to thrive, and sudden changes can lead to humidity imbalance or plant shock.
How often to check: Monitor the environment regularly, especially if the temperature changes significantly in your home. For example, in winter or summer, you may need to adjust placement away from heating/cooling sources. Aim to check temperature and humidity every week to ensure it remains stable.
Maintenance:
Routine maintenance is key to keeping your terrarium healthy. Trim any yellowing or dead leaves to prevent decay, which could attract mold or pests. Removing mold immediately is crucial to preventing it from spreading and affecting other plants in the terrarium. Keeping the glass clean ensures your plants get adequate light and allows you to enjoy the beauty of your ecosystem.
Trimming leaves: Trim yellowing or dead leaves every 2-4 weeks, or whenever you notice them.
Mold removal: Inspect the terrarium every 1-2 weeks for mold and remove it as soon as possible. Mold can grow quickly in the humid environment of a closed terrarium, so prompt action is essential.
Wiping the glass: Gently wipe the glass with a soft cloth every 2-4 weeks to maintain clarity and help your plants get enough light.
How often to check:
Trim leaves and remove mold every 1-2 weeks or when necessary.
Wipe the glass every 2-4 weeks to maintain the aesthetic and allow light to reach your plants.
Misting:
Misting should be done when condensation has evaporated from the sides of the container. Misting helps keep the humidity levels up but should be done cautiously. Over-misting can lead to excessive moisture, while too little misting can cause the plants to dry out. If your terrarium is in a drier area, you may need to mist more frequently. Keep an eye on the condensation levels and adjust misting accordingly.
How often to mist: Misting is usually done every 1-2 weeks, depending on how much condensation evaporates. In drier environments, you may need to mist more often, but always wait until the condensation has disappeared first.